Inter Professional Collaboration In Practice

Inter Professional Collaboration In Practice Inter-professional Education (IPE) occurs when two or more professions learn together with the object of cultivating collaborative practice (CAIPE 2002). The benefits, as purported by (Barr 2002) are to have mutual understanding and respect, broadminded attitudes and perceptions and minimised stereotypical thinking. This thinking is informed by the legislative policy requirements of health and social care agencies to work closely and collaboratively together with service user along with professional guidelines (DH 2006, GSCC 2008, and QAA 2008). Communicating with other health and social care professionals, understanding contrasting perspectives, being involved in the seminars, groupwork trigger exercises, and IPE literature has enhanced my learning at the conference and has informed my practice for the future. The module began with introductions and the team members each described their professional roles. (Dombeck 1997) refers to the importance of knowing your own professional identity and that of others before you are able to be able to form useful IP relationships. As students there was an initial understanding of each of our own professional roles and this was enhanced by discussion. Through this social process of learning we were able to correct each others bias and assumptions. The multidisciplinary group was not universal in its wish to achieve as much from the course as possible; this became understandable later, when it was clarified that the course did not form part of the medical degree qualification. A sense of inequality developed, which led the group to question the value placed on IPE within the medical profession. (Stapleton 1998) refers to open and honest and equal participation being conducive to collaborative relationships between professions. Despite this perceived ineq uality the group functioned well together. Open and honest discussions ensued although any interactions were superficial given the duration of the conference. Contact was sparse following the conference and there was little use of the IT systems placed on blackboard to assist or cement further learning. Professor Means (2010) presentation resonated with me, as he spoke of championing ones own values and ethics, whilst seeing different perspectives and challenging boundaries of roles. He viewed this to be achievable with positive interactions and collaborations and engendering mutual trust and support. This led me to reflect on the nature of this discussion and contribute to the completion of one of our sentences. Challenging professional boundaries creatively, whilst advocating ones own professions values and ethics. Pecukonis et al (2008) state that ethics relate to the pursuit of human betterment but these can be viewed and interpreted by different professions and refers to the term profession-centrism.This was underpinned by discussion within the group of the crossover in roles occurring within health and social care for example occupational therapist carrying out some of the duties of nurses and vice versa, whilst also being the eyes and ears for social workers. This caused me t o consider that social work is done by many professionals and its boundaries are not clear. This, whilst confusing, can lead to more professional fulfilment within roles and lead to a stronger skill mix which, with the service user at the centre, will lead to a better service and resource savings. Social, political and economic elements would welcome this cross over of skills however there is a possibility of a devaluing the value of each profession. (Barr 2004) supports this view and discusses the new flexible worker giving patients a holistic approach but also advocates respect for specialisms within teams. The upgrading of responsibility and specialisation of medical tasks to nurses previously in the Doctors domain was discussed and there was a consensus within the group that this was a positive experience as it valued knowledge and not hierarchical structures of power. (Baker et al 2006) discusses the modernisation of healthcare and the move towards a team based model of healthcare delivery. Power has traditionally been sanctioned through authority and has in general been located within the medical profession (Colyer 2004) advises that the last fifteen years have seen a sea change in the medical professions organisation, structure and agency and this has improved the quality of intervention to service users. The seminar on Intermediate Care by Williams and Drake (2010) increased my knowledge of how the multidisciplinary teams within the Community Health Team and Bristol City Council work together to provide holistic, flexible and client centred services with a single point of access. This occurs despite different IT, communication and reward systems and the challenges for the future viewed as aligning the organisational aims and objectives, recording systems, and professional views to transform consistency, capacity and efficiency. This enabled me to understand the daily pressures of working between organisations and the further challenges that present themselves with the current political and financial changes currently affecting the NHS and how the stereotyping of roles and their responsibilities are changing as are service user involvement. The terms service user, patient and client were debated by the group and the subtle ways that language inform the discourse. Service user as a term was decided upon as it was the least discriminatory although consensus was not possible and the problematic nature of labels was explored both for service users and carers (Thomas 2010 p.172-3). The National Occupational Standards of Social Work (2006) set out the values and ethics of service users and carers and the importance of inclusion. The carer in the patients voices video who expressed her lack of recognition of being an expert by experience demonstrated the gaps that as (Payne 2000) defines as the difference between professionals in collaborative working detracting from the empowerment and involvement of people who use services. Service users and carers should have a place in the decision making process. I was able to appreciate the seminar provide by Adams (2010) which challenged my perception of being different but being compatible with others. Analogies were used of chalk and cheese and peas in a pod; the same components but different .This challenged my own conscious and unconscious views of my own profession and that of others, and the stereotypes that I hold and internalise. In order to combat these feelings I felt a need to have a clear sense of my own identity, confidence, role boundaries, values and ethics and practice and knowledge standards. I questioned my own perceived identity and that of my profession and recognised my own attempts to try to overcome perceived stereotypes and how issues of power and oppression require consideration before action, (Dalrymple and Burke 2006). A discussion ensued regarding conflicts of interest between professionals and I was able to make the links between theory and practice. (White and Featherstone 2005 p.210) explores the idea of story telling about different professions or professional groups and how atrocity stories allows one profession to scapegoat another but how stories can also strengthen and confirm identity, by questioning other professions and thereby strengthening ones own. (Barnes et al., 2000) state that by developing ones own knowledge base and othering of different professions whether rooted in the medical or social models allows different perspectives to be heard and recognised. (Lukes 1974) discusses these views of power and the subtle way that power is exercised and how people can remain powerless and this how service users are viewed within IP practice. The Childrens Act 1989 and Every Child Matters 2006 are all resulting from the failures within public services to protect children. In reality IPW continues to fail. The Bristol Royal Infirmary (2001) Victoria Climbie Inquiry Lord Laming(2003) and more recent news on the serious case review of Baby P (2009) and the ongoing Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust Inquiry (2010) have highlighted serious breakdowns in multi-agency working and communication. The subsequent media reports have shown increased public mistrust and increased accountability for professionals Davies et al (1999) states that trust is an asset and that its reduction may hamper institutions ability to function. Words 1305 Section 2 Discuss how you would take what you have learnt about IP working into practice? Effective IP working (IPW) involves performing within practice situations of cohesion and disparity. Working collaboratively with other social and health care professionals has experientially helped me to reaffirm and develop my practice. I have gained experience in communicating effectively, understanding teamwork, exploring stereotypes and professional identity and how social, economic and political factors will affect my future practice. As a social work (SW) student working within an education and child protection setting, I understand the need to ensure a holistic and safe care provision in order to protect vulnerable children and adults. The Victoria Climbie Inquiry (Laming, 2003) pointed to the failure of various professions in their ability to work together in a competent and unified way. The Laming report led to the change in social workers National Occupational Standards and focussed on the need to develop clear documented communication, sharing all aspects with all relevant professionals to avoid any ambiguity and uncertainty within teams. (Laming, 2009. p. 61) emphasises that: there is a clear need for a determined focus on improvement of practice in child protection across all the agencies . . . I will describe a child protection team meeting and its wider lessons for my practice. Whilst on placement I met a young girl, whos younger brother was subject to a child protection investigation. Her mother had limited English and her father was the alleged abuser. The investigation involved a child protection meeting involving a plethora of health and social care professions to jointly assess the risk to both children. The meeting was effectively chaired by a social worker and all were invited to contribute their specific knowledge and evidence on the family, opinion was sought on actions and timeframes.(Molyneux 2001) debates the issue of good teamwork as being dependant on the qualities of the staff and the need for there to be no one dominant force. By communication being inclusive, creative and regular, issues can be debated and resolved. Concluding that teams were successful when members were confident, motivated and flexible and communication channels were clear, frequent and in the same base. (Petrie 1976) discusses a cognitive map where two opposing disciplin arians can look at the same thing but not see the same thing. My experience of working within this multi-disciplinary team was positive with all professionals having a voice. However on reflection and through IPW I am now more aware of the perspectives of others and the need to define and develop my professional identity. (Bell Allain 2010 p.10) in their pedagogic study allude to SW students being reverential to medical expertise and giving low ratings on their own abilities of leadership. I feel a dichotomy exists between SW railing against the medical model and promoting the social model whilst deferring to the stereotypes of professionalism within health and social care. For the future I need to be aware of stereotypes and continue to develop my critical reflection of both my personal and professional self whilst developing my abilities to be heard within multiprofessional teams. As a SW student, I am aware that there exists a blurring of edges of what the SW role entails and how the identity of the role may change in the future. (Payne2006) refers to a social worker working within a mental health practitioners team which included working alongside nurses and psychologists including high levels of therapy based work, which would not usually sit within social work practice and therefore ones professional identity could be lost. (Lymbury Butler 2004) state that whilst it is important to share knowledge with other professionals that are allied to social work it is imperative that the identity of ones own profession is preserved. (Laidler 1991) further addresses the issues of crossing professional boundaries describing them as professional adulthood. That IP jealousy and conflicts will arise to the detriment of the team members and more importantly to the service user. Power as exercised may cause some to struggle as power is shared and fluctuates in accordance with whose knowledge and expertise best suits the service user. Envy as discussed by (Schein 2004) identifies ways in which it can stand in the way of good IP learning by creating a collective unconscious resulting in; an attack on colleagues, an attack on learning and failing to learn from each other and or authority figures, and issues of who takes responsibility. Within the Child Protection meeting the chair was a senior SW who co-ordinated the professionals and this caused me to reflect on my abilities, as SWs must deliver safe high quality care but given limited resources , different professional groups will have different priorities and see issues differently. Sellman (2010) concludes that you need to be willing , have trust in others and have effective leadership either acting with your inclinations or action that affords the best outcome however, personal , professional and structural influences can encourage or discourage practitioners. I recognised that for the future I ne eded to increase my ability to create a dialogue across difference whilst holding on to the dignity and responsibility of every person. (Skaerbaek 2010) purports that by listening to the minority one is able to see the practices that underlie the agenda of the majority. However the future blurring of health and welfare provision is changing across all sectors. The role of the private sector in the provision of health and welfare practice can provide competitive market forces to drive up the standards and offer greater choice to individuals through direct payments. This in turn can create greater service user autonomy and much more creative solutions. However this can also lead to inequality and a perception that the services are driven by profit bringing the ethical motivation of private sector into question and a blurring of the duties of the state to the service user. (Field and Peck 2003) conclude that the culture of the private and public sector will need to merge and this will result in challenges within roles and organisations. The voluntary sector is one of the fastest growing with voluntary organisations, who, when commissioned, are more accessible to service users and people are more likely to engage with them. They have more freedom acting as advocates and campaigners and are less regulated through targets (Pollard et al 2010). However given the current economic climate and the recently announced budget cuts (Rickets 2010) suggests that the pressure on the voluntary sector to provide more services will continue and if the state retreats from providing services, the voluntary and community sector will fill the gap. Personalisation in which services are tailored to the needs and preferences of citizens is the overall government vision: that the state should empower citizens to shape their own lives and the services they receive. Liberating the NHS 2010 (p3 4) states that We will put patients at the heart of the NHS, through an information revolution and greater choice and control: a. Shared decision making will become the norm: no decision about me without me and The Government will devolve power and responsibility for commissioning services to the healthcare professionals closest to patients: GPs and their practice t eams working in consortia.(Foreman 2008) sees the need to involve IT in helping to improve and reduce the barriers to IPW. The structures of IPW will continue to evolve and change with complexity and ideological thinking however I need to engage with other professionals and service users in a person centred way. In conclusion, the IPW conference, literature and subsequent research have clarified my future need to be flexible in both my role and that of others and the primacy of the service user at the centre of my practice. Teams and service users are diverse, comprised of people of different ages, from different social and cultural backgrounds with different expectations. (Carnwell et al 2005 p.56) relates collaboration to embracing diversity and moving away from the comfortable assumption that there is only one way to see the world , providing strategies : learn from each other, embrace IP working, and adopt a value position where anti discriminatory practice is central. By critically reflecting on practice I must embrace a degree of uncertainty and unpredictability as a necessary part of the complex micro and macro systems of IPW. Words 1374 SECTION 3 REFERENCES Adams, K. (2010) What is Interprofessional Education? UWE Bristol, IPE Level 2 Conference. Baker, D. Day, R. Salas, E. (2006) Teamwork as an essential component of high reliability organizations. Health Services Research 41(4) pp 1576-98. Barnes, D., Carpenter, J. Dickinson, C. (2000) Inter-professional education for community mental health: attitudes to community care and professional stereotypes, Social Work Education. Vol 19 (6), pp. 565-583. Haringey Safeguarding Children Board Serious Case Review: Baby Peter Executive Summary (2009).[online] Available from: http://www.haringeylscb.org/executive_summary_peter_final.pdf [Accessed 22 November 2010] Barr ,H. (2002) Interprofessional Education Today, Yesterday and Tomorrow: A Review. LTSN HS P: London. Barr, H., Freeth, D., Hammick, M., Koppel, I. Reeves, S. (2000) Evaluations of Interprofessional Education: A United Kingdom Review for Health and Social Care. CAIPE/BERA: London. Bell, L. and Allain, L. (2010) Exploring Professional Stereotypes and Learning for Interprofessional Practice: An Example from UK Qualifying Level. Social Work Education. Vol 1 pp1 -15 Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry HM Government (2001) Learning from Bristol: the report of the public inquiry into childrens heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984 -1995. London: HMSO [online] Available from: http://www.bristol-inquiry.org.uk/final_report/report/index.htm [Accessed 16 November 2010] Carnwell, R. Buchanan, J. (2005) Effective Practice in Health Social Care: A partnership Approach. Berkshire: Open University Press CAIPE (2002) [online] Available from : http://www.caipe.org.uk/about-us/defining-ipe/ [Accessed 8 November 2010] Childrens Act (1989) [online] Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents [Accessed 10 November 2010] Colyer, H. (2004) The construction and development of health professions: where will it end? Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 48, (4), pp. 408-412 Dalrymple, J. and Burke, B. (2006) Anti-oppressive Practice, Social Care and the Law (2nd edition). Maidenhead: Open University Press Davies, H. Shields, A. (1999) Public trust and accountability for clinical performance; lessons from the national press reportage of the Bristol hearing. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical practice. Vol 5,(3) pp. 335-342. Department of Health (DH) (2006) Options for Excellence- Building the Social care Workforce of the future TSO: London Dombeck, M. (1997) Professional personhood:training, territoriality and tolerance. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 11 pp. 9-21. Field, J Peck, E. (2003) Public-private partnerships in healthcare: the managers perspective. Health and Social Care in the Community. Vol 11 pp.494-501 Foreman, D. (2008) Using technology to overcome some traditional barriers to effective clinical interprofessional learning. Journal of Interprofessional Care, Vol 22(2) pp.209-211. General Social Care Council (2008) Social Work at its Best: A Statement of Social Work Roles and Tasks for the 21st Century [online]. Available at http://www.gscc.org.uk [Accessed 18 November 2010] HM Government (2004) Every Child Matters: Change for Children 2004. London: HMSO [online] Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2004/ukpga_20040031_en_1 [Accessed 19 November 2010] HM Government (2010) Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS. London: HMSO [online] Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_117794.pdf [Accessed 19 November 2010] Haringey Safeguarding Children Board Serious Case Review: Baby Peter Executive Summary (2009).[online] Available from: http://www.haringeylscb.org/executive_summary_peter_final.pdf [Accessed 22 November 2010] Keeping, C. Barratt, G. 2009 Interprofessional Practice cited in Glasby, J Dickenson H (2009) International Perspectives on Health and Social Care Oxford Wiley- Blackwell. Laidler, P. (1991) Adults, and how to become one. Therapy Weekly. Vol 17 (35) p4. Laming, Lord (2003) The Victoria Climbie Inquiry. Stationery Office, London Laming, Lord (2009) The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report. Stationery Office: London Lukes, S. (1974) Power: A Radical View Basingstoke: Macmillan Lymbury, M. and Butler, S. (2004) Social work ideals and practice realities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Means, R. (2010) Why Inter-professional Working Matters: From Theory To Practice UWE Bristol, IPE Level 2 Conference. Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry (2010) [online] Available from: http://www.midstaffspublicinquiry.com/ [Accessed 22 November 2010] Molyneux J (2001) Interprofessional teamworking: what makes teams work well? Journal of Interprofessional Care. 15,(1), pp.338-346 Payne, M. (2006) What is professional social work? Bristol: Polity Press Pecukonis E, Doyle O, Bliss DL (2008) Reducing barriers to interprofessional training: promoting interprofessional cultural competence. Journal of Interprofessional Care Vol 22 pp.417-28 Petrie, H . G. (1976) Do you see what I see? The epistemology of interdisciplinary inquiry. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 10, 29 43. Pollard, K. Thomas, J. and Miers, M. (2010) Understanding Interprofessional Working in Health and Social Care. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) (2008) Social Work Benchmark Statements [online]. Available at: http://qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/benchmark/statements/socialwork08.asp. [Accessed 15 November 2010] Rickets, A. (2010) Budget will place major burden on charities. Third Sector [online] Available at: http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/News/DailyBulletin/1011592/Budget-will-place-major-burden-charities-umbrella-bodies- [Accessed 20 November 2010] Schein, E. (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Sellman D. (2010) Values and Ethics in Interprofessional Working In Pollard K. Thomas J, Miers, M.(eds) (2010) Understanding Interprofessional Working in Health and Social Care Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan Skaerbaek, E. (2010) Undressing the Emperor? On the ethical dilemmas of heirarchical knowledge Journal of Interprofessional Care, September2010; 24(5) : 579-586 Skills for Care (2006) National Occupational Standards for Social Work. [online]. Available at: http://www.skillsforcare.org.uk (Accessed 19 November 2010). Stapleton, S. (1998) Team-building: making collaborative practice work. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 43(1), pp12-18 Thomas, J (2010) Service Users, Carers and Issues for Collaborative Practice cited in Pollard, K, Thomas, J and Miers, M. Understanding Interprofessional Working in Health and Social Car Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. White, S. Featherstone, B. (2005) Communicating misunderstandings: multi-agency work as social practice, Child and Family Social Work, Vol. 10, pp. 207-216 Williams, V. and Drake, S. (2010) Intermediate Care (IMCS) Bridging the Gap Facilitated Discharge. UWE Bristol, IPE Level 2 Conference. SECTION 4 APPENDIX- 6 AGREED GROUP SENTENCES Theme 1: Communication issues between Health and Social Care professionals Clear and concise communication is key to a well co-ordinated transfer within health and social care services. Health and Social care professionals need to recognise the importance of maintaining privacy, dignity and respect when communicating in the presence of service users. Theme 2: Contrasting professional perspectives/ values within teams. Recognise the importance of valuing each health and social care professions perspective. Challenging professional boundaries creatively whilst advocating ones own professions values and ethics. Theme 3: Stereotyping, power imbalances and team processes Positive attitudes to working with other health and social care professionals in a real world environment with the patient/service user at the centre of planning and documenting is necessary to reduce power imbalances. Recognise and embrace differences to minimise stereotypical views within health and social care.

How Cavemen Lived

How cavemen lived By: Ausha Champ Here are a few of the reasons cavemen wrote on the walls of there caves. One is how to kill or catch certain pray. So they could have the meat for pray and hide for quilt. The way to tell how many people in there crew died. They would trace there hand and color it in brown or black and trace the other hand in white. The color represents the living and the white represents the dead. Hares a good question, Why do cavemen draw animals on the wall of their caves? Hares the answer, they were inspired by the animals and the drew pictures to tell stories about them.Did you know that a fool hand meant positiveness? And a hand with the thumb, pinkie, and ring finger meant negativeness. The way you can find this out is go to google and type in the stone age. I have been wondering this whole time what did cavemen do if they broke a bone. What they did is they would pop it back into place and rape hide around it. Then they would not walk anywhere if it was a leg , and would not move their arm, if it was the arm that was broken. Did you know that cavemen had a lot more sicknesses then use? So if they got sick they wanted to stay away from others, so they didn’t get any one else sick.And yes it was that serious, and no I am not going crazy. Do you think cavemen were anymore health then use today, because of their diets? Actually we are more health, because our food it actually processed. You see cavemen didn’t have any processed food, unlike we do today . They did not have the technology to have processed food. Did cavemen have shoes? Well I don’t know for sure, but im pretty sure they would be smart enough to protect their feet, cavemen weren’t dumb. So that is what I found on cavemen, but I will fine out more in my social study book.

Lives Across Cultures Cross Cultural Human Development

The human person was not exactly what I was expecting when walking into the class. To be honest, I really didn’t know what to expect all I knew is that we were going to talk about human development which we did and one of the books was Lives Across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human Development, but I never thought that we were going to talk about The Future Is Mestizo: Life Where Cultures Meet and how they migrated to the U.S. from Mexico or the Resurrection Song: African-American Spirituality, where it talks about the African culture and life they had when they were taken into slavery. I have to say that these book were actually really good. I learned something each week when reading these books. In the book Lives Across Cultures:†¦show more content†¦These different components explain how the child is affected by their environment meaning living situation, family, eating and sleeping schedules, cultural beliefs and parenting styles. Vygotsky s Sociocultural Theory explains the interaction between the cultural and historical facts. There are three different theories that Vygotsky s uses which are : matching, zone of proximal development and scaffolding. Matching is based of the child’s culture. Zone of proximal development has three different components the role played by culture, the use of language and the child’s zone of proximal development. This development shows what the children can accomplish independently and potentially depending if they received guidance along the way. Scaffolding is apart of learning, in the beginning parents’ are there too hold your hand and provide for you. When you get old enough parents let go and let you figure out life on your own. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development is where the child goes through four different distinct periods in their lives like infancy which is between the age of birth to 2 years old. 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How Can Peer Group Influence the Behavior of Adolescents - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1236 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Peer Pressure Essay Did you like this example? Peer pressure is the direct influence on an individual to change their attitude and behaviors so as to conform to those of the influencing group. It is one of the strongest indicators of adolescent behavior problems. Peer pressure becomes an influence on behavior during adolescence Delinquency is merely criminal behaviors that usually result from parents tolerating bad behaviors at home, school or in the community (Sweeten et al., 2013). This paper aims at analyzing the effects of peer pressure on crime. In every society, there are groups that are part of the larger society whose members adhere to norms that violate the values of the larger society. This results in criminal behaviors which at times represent a collective response which is directed by cultural values and norms of such groups (Monahan et al., 2014). The peers in a society usually prefer having friends of the same age group thus they will have an influence on each other. This insinuates that, if the preferred friends have criminal behaviors, then an individual will be easily assimilated to the same behaviors. This is because the individual has to conform to the behaviors of the group or they will be ostracized. The conformation is most pronounced with ideology, appearance, taste, style, and values. As a result, the individual gets caught up in crime based activities as they have to prove to their peers that they are not cowards. The peer groups have their own culture and rituals which members are associated with. Engage ment in crime by the youth is not something that they grow up aspiring to do. Certain factors and conditions make them engage in criminal activities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Can Peer Group Influence the Behavior of Adolescents" essay for you Create order In the recent days, work has been given priority before family. This has made it difficult for parents to effectively monitor the discipline of their children. At an adolescent age, teens have excess energy that needs to be exerted, and if that energy is not directed to useful activities, then they will engage in bad tendencies. With the absence of parents, teens make bad choices and join peer groups that lead them astray. The parents are not there to administer punishments to them, and they hardly know what their children are up to. Thus when teens join criminal groups, they become rooted in them. They embrace peer pressure negatively something they could not have done if parents were there to advise them. Harsh punishments, harassments, bickering, and conflicts make teens conform to societal norms than family. When parents administer excessive punishment to their children, they become repellant to punishments and the outcome is something that the parents never desired. The child feels unloved and unwanted and goes out there to look for comfort from fellow peers. Communication between the parent and the child reduces to the minimum, and there is detachment from the parent. There is no more bonding as the teens do not open up to their parents thus the parents never get a chance of knowing their childrenrs friends. Due to the anger that the teens have towards their parents, they focus on making their lives hard, so they engage themselves in crime. Unstable marriages also lead peers to crime life. When both parents are ever arguing and never in peace, this affects the children greatly. The children become emotionally, mentally and psychologically unstable due to the everyday conflicts by the parents. They will have no respect for their parents, and they will lose confidence in them. The parents project a bad image of violence to their children thus peer groups become a primary confidant to the teens. They detach themselves from their parents and look for other means to have comfort. The teens develop low self-esteem, and the only way they can value themselves is by giving in to negative peer pressure. They, therefore, join peer groups involved in the violation of societal norms. When children become teens, they value their relationships more than anything else. Their friends come first even before family. They listen to their friends more than anyone else because they want to fit in the peer group. Their desire to conform to these groups tends to cloud their judgment. They no longer value what is right because they need to be considered part of the group. They can go beyond limits to prove themselves to their peers. It is at this age that most teens lose the emotional connection with their parents. If not careful, the peer groups often lead them to situations that are compromising such as crime. Teens are less mature than adults making them incapable of making the right decisions in the many situations that they come across (Black et al., 2013). When faced with a situation they prefer discussing it with their fellow teens that are of the same maturity level. This leads to bad choices. A fellow teen may suggest that they try something new that they know their parents would never approve but since peer pressure is all about fitting in, they all make a decision to try it out. Teenagers who feel rejected and isolated from other peers lack direction of their lives. They are uncertain of the place they deserve in a peer group. They end up having low self-esteem. The need to fit in a group pushes them to follow the wrong crowd. They begin to participate in the wrongdoings of the crowd such as drug use, cheating, and drinking. Such teens end up committing crimes because at a point in their lives they faced rejection and therefore did not have the confidence to ask for help or advice. Family challenges make teens turn to their friends to replace the lost relationship. They believe thatrs the place they can get a sense of belonging when their families fail them. If the group that the teen joins are involved in crimes, the teen is at high risk of engaging in the same activities were carried out in the group. Teens act on instinct whenever they are confronted with stress or emotional challenges thus they fail to understand the consequences of their action (Costello Hope, 2016). Teenagers usually have a role model whom they emulate in every aspect. Usually, it is an older person or an adult. However, it becomes worrisome when teens take on their fellow peers as their role models. This is because they begin to act and develop behaviors that resemble those of their role models. They will dress in similar ways, share likes and dislikes and desire the same kind of food. Parents have a hard time at this point to control their children. This is because the opinion of the parent no longer matter as the opinion of the role model supersedes those of the parents. The teens want to look and act like their role models. They, therefore, emulate and experiment every behavior from their role models including criminal activities. Negative peer pressure has a bad influence on children as they grow up all the way up to teenage. It exists for conformity. The absence of parents, bad role models, family challenges, social maturity and teens relationships are some of the factors that make teenagers turn to their peers for solutions and in that process, they become negatively influenced to crime life. It is therefore important for parents to monitor their children as it is at teenage that teenagers have excess energy that if not controlled or exerted lead them to bad companies thus criminal behaviors.