Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism: The Stories Construction and Movement Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism are some of the literature movements that occurred and developed from one period to the other. Romanticism emerged the first while Realism exists the second and Modernism is the last among the three. However, these three movements overlapped one another. Even if Realism and Modernism emerged to deconstruct the existence of Romanticism, it still exists within the text of Real and Modern construction of the stories. This paper will tackle the stories where Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism exist. It will also discuss how these movements change the theme of these stories through the development of the characters, conflict, and resolution. From these, the theme of the stories presented in this paper is, Humanity is vain and evil in nature; the world consciously attempts to be good, though it is not. Need essay sample on "Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Usually Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay online? Essay writers propose: Help With Essay Writing. Here Is Your Life Vest! Flauberts story entitled A Simple Heart was presented during the Romantic period. Its elements and literary images were depicted as symbolization of love and unselfish construction of being. Felicity was portrayed in this characterization. Through her, Flaubert showed his own way of deconstructing the traditional definition of Romanticism. Though it is a story of love, Flaubert illustrated that passion does not only exists between opposite sexes but also within friendship and family. It was seen that a person does not need to be intellectual to perceive the right kind of love because it is within the persons own acceptance and capability of loving. In the morning, from habit, Felicity went into Virginias room and looked at the walls. She missed not having her hair to comb, her boots to lace, to tuck her in her bedand not seeing continually her pretty face, not having to hold her hand when they went out together (Flaubert). Flaubert also showed in his story how Felicity counterattacks the love of a man towards him. It was seen that men are meant to be liars and egoistic. Flaubert also illustrated how men described women an object of desire and financial stability. However, through the creation of Felicitys love towards the people around her, the author portrayed an unconditional love. Henrik Ibsens story entitled A Dolls House and Cynthia Ozicks story entitled The Shawl are portrayals of Social Realism. These two authors showed in their story the definition and essence of woman in the society. The way the authors illustration of female characters, they emphasized the worth of women in a deprived and oppresses situation. These stories are issues of social construction that was putted into the womens head like a crown a crown of suffering and distress. The theme in these stories showed how the movement of Realism exists within the hands of the society. Because the society dictates that women are always behind men, they should always obey men despite of the odds, infidelities, and deprivations of men towards them. Nora said in Ibsens story, I have waited so patiently for eight years; for, goodness knows, I knew very well that wonderful things dont happen every day. Then this horrible misfortune came upon me, and then I felt quite certain that the wonderful thing was going to happen at last (Ibsen). However, despite of the womens way of characterizing their beings, Ozick showed resolution in her story as what Ibsen has also shown in his story. Nora recalls, She looked like a butterfly touching a silver vine, (Ozick) Even if Noras journey is full of misery and suffering because she had her daughter who could not able to eat and drink that made them weaker each day, she needs to be stronger. She needs to save her children from the march of death. The way she saw her daughter in this kind of beauty, she became stronger as what she needs to be. This is a form of realism that we could not take for granted. Women are always willing to sacrifice for their family. They do not need to be threatened or objected because it is already part of their individuality. Both Ibsen and Ozick wanted to convey the realism of women into the hands of the society. The theme of the stories changed and somehow transformed into a new found resolution because of the context of Realism. Frank Kafkas Metamorphosis and Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave are depictions of modernistic creation. If we look at the generalized perspective, there is no difference between these stories from the ancient narratives of folklores and magical formation. However, the differences that can be seen in these stories are the attacks and symbolizations of the authors. They also used contemporary occurrences and conflicts to balance the story and be found into a modernism influence. Kafkas story is an illustration of family problems and circumstances that exists within because of their own weaknesses and incapability. He really did want to open the door, really did want to let them see him and to speak with the chief clerk; the others were being so insistent, and he was curious to learn what they would say when they caught sight of him. If they were shocked then it would no longer be Gregor's responsibility and he could rest (Kafka). It is part of the Modernism period because it was presented as a cultural crisis that exists and developed into the characters and their environment. Kafka showed that family tradition and culture cannot be taken off despite of the circumstances and unwanted situations that emerged in their lives. It deconstructs the tradition point of view towards the issue of romanticism and realism. Even if Kafka described the main character as an insect, he showed internal crisis that can be seen and felt throughout the narrative. It also consid ers new ideas and rationalization of facts that can be perceived within the environment of the characters. On the other hand, Douglass showed the importance of magic and power in every issue that may occur in every person. He identified his own identity as a symbolization of natural form of institution. Even if he is only a slave, he makes sure that there is a transformation that will emerge in his character at the end of the story. Douglass stated, This battle with Mr. Covey was the turning-point in my career as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood. It recalled the departed self-confidence, and inspired me again with a determination to be free (Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave). The author has illustrated in his story the crisis in his own personality because of his situation but he made an opposition to the oppressive and divesting situations. Through this, Modernism occurred and influenced the characters and outcome of the stories of Kafka and Douglass. In conclusion to this, it can be said the three major movements made a significant effect to the creation of the stories that were presented in this paper. The theme of the stories is based on the period and movements that exists during their times. However, there are also ways of constituting different attacks and symbolizations to strengthen or weaken the traditional construction of these movements. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. (2001). A Dolls House. 19 March 2008. Flaubert, Gustave. (2004). A Simple Heart. 19 March 2008. Kafka, Frank. (2005). Metamorphosis. Douglass, Frederick. (1999). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Ozick, Cynthia. (2006). The Shawl. 19 March 2008.

Environmentalism as a Religion Essay Example

Environmentalism as a Religion Essay Example Environmentalism as a Religion Paper Environmentalism as a Religion Paper I agree Robins opinion. Like religion, environmentalism has difference tribe, environmentalist like a missionary, environmentalism and religion both have food taboos and they also both no logical bases. In todays world have many kinds of religions, and environmentalism also has difference tribe, we may hear some difference sound form environmentalist. Rubin says, Original religions were tribal rather than universal. Each tribe had its own god or gods, and the success of the tribe was evidence that their god was stronger than He means every tribal both thinks their god is stronger. Like religions have difference tribe, environmentalists also have many kinds of tribe, some people says protect environment need protect our forest, some people says protect environment we need saving using water and power Everyone have difference opinions, and everyone think their own opinion is the best one. For example, in many counties have lights off for one hour activity. Some environmentalist agree this activity, they think this activity can increase peoples environmental awareness and we can use one hour savings power to do many things. But there have another environmentalist disagree this activity, they thinks lights off for one hour havent effect. And not only havent effect, but also is a burden on supplying power. We cant absolute say which one is right. Its because their opinion all right. Ifs like religions own god, and in every tribes eyes their god is stronger. Butte still cant say which god stronger. Think environmentalist like a missionary. Rubin says, environmentalism is a proselytizing religion(400). Environmentalist and missionary both persuade people to do something. Everyone knows missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do evangelism, and help people build a belief. Environmentalist also is other kinds of missionary. Environmentalist is a member of an environmental protection group, they tell us need protect environment. Environmentalist and missionary both publicity their own opinion and gets other peoples agree. Missionary tell us in this world have heaven and hell. If you do better things, and youre a good person, after you died you will have chance go to heaven, if you do more bad things, you will go to hell. God will help you and God is with you. Missionary give us a hope. Environmentalist tells us, the earth is our unique home, and we must take care of it. If we protect earth, we will get a better environment, we can live more happiness. But if we dont protect earth, we will face more and more environment problem, global warming intensifies, glaciers melt and forests reduced. We can live in earth. So, if we protect environment, it will be better. Environmentalist also gives people a hope. Rubin says, There are food taboos. Instead of eating fish on Friday, or avoiding pork, Greens now eat organic foods and many are moving towards eating only locally grown He means environmentalism like religion also has food taboos. Animals protect is a kind of environment protect. Because if we dont protect animals, it will lead many mind of animals become extinct. Every existent thing has a cause. We can break ecological balance. If we break ecological balance, finally will affect environment. People and animals need co-exist harmoniously. I often received some leaflets about tell us less meat, we need protect animals, and animal is our friend. Christian and Buddhism advocate all living things equality. Human and animals have equality status. And Buddhists even just eat vegetable; they dont eat any meat at all time. Islam also doesnt eat pork. So, religion and environmentalism will have same effect for protect animals. Environmentalism is a special religion. Religion has belief. Rubin says, Belief systems are embraced with no logical Christians belief is believe God; Buddhism belief is all living things equality. But God is it really exists? We cant say yes or no, because we cant testify it. And everything is it really equality? Dont thing so, if really equality that will havent rich or poor. So belief systems are no logical basis, we cant use normal way to things this problem. Environmentalism also has belief that is protect environment. Rubin says, Environmentalists almost universally believe in the dangers of global arming but also reject the best solution to the problem, which is nuclear power'(400). Environmentalist has their own belief, they believe they can protect environment, but they do not want use the best way. Maybe many people cant have a relation between environmentalism and religion. But really have relation, and they have many same characteristic. So, I want say environmentalism is a special religion. Works cited Rubin, Paul H. Environmentalism as religion. Patterns for College Writing: A Rhetorical Reader and Guide. 12th deed. Deed. Laurie G. Kerosene and Stephen R. Mandela. Boston: Bedford, 2012. 399-401. Ring. Rubin says, There are food taboos.

Introduction to Monomers and Polymers in Chemistry

Introduction to Monomers and Polymers in Chemistry A monomer is a type of molecule that has the ability to chemically bond with other molecules in a long chain; a polymer is a chain of an unspecified number of monomers. Essentially, monomers are the building blocks of polymers, which are more complex type of molecules. Monomers- repeating molecular units- are connected into polymers by covalent bonds. Monomers The word monomer comes from mono- (one) and -mer (part). Monomers are small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers. Monomers form polymers by forming chemical bonds or binding supramolecularly through a process called polymerization. Sometimes polymers are made from bound groups of monomer subunits (up to a few dozen monomers) called oligomers. To qualify as an oligomer, the properties of the molecule need to change significantly if one or a few subunits are added or removed. Examples of oligomers include collagen and liquid paraffin. A related term is monomeric protein, which is a protein that bonds to make a multiprotein complex. Monomers are not just building blocks of polymers, but are important molecules in their own right, which do not necessarily form polymers unless the conditions are right. Examples of Monomers Examples of monomers include vinyl chloride (which polymerizes into polyvinyl chloride or PVC), glucose (which polymerizes into starch, cellulose, laminarin, and glucans), and amino acids (which polymerize into peptides, polypeptides, and proteins). Glucose is the most abundant natural monomer, which polymerizes by forming glycosidic bonds. Polymers The word polymer comes from poly- (many) and -mer (part). A polymer may be a natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of repeating units of a smaller molecule (monomers). While many people use the term polymer and plastic interchangeably, polymers are a much larger class of molecules which includes plastics, plus many other materials, such as cellulose, amber, and natural rubber. Lower molecular weight compounds may be distinguished by the number of monomeric subunits they contain. The terms dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer, hexamer, heptamer, octamer, nonamer, decamer, dodecamer, eicosamer reflects molecules containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 20 monomer units. Examples of Polymers Examples of polymers include plastics such as polyethylene, silicones such as silly putty, biopolymers such as cellulose and DNA, natural polymers such as rubber and shellac, and many other important macromolecules. Groups of Monomers and Polymers The classes of biological molecules may be grouped into the types of polymers they form and the monomers that act as subunits: Lipids - polymers called diglycerides, triglycerides; monomers are glycerol and fatty acidsProteins - polymers are known as polypeptides; monomers are amino acidsNucleic Acids - polymers are DNA and RNA; monomers are nucleotides, which are in turn consist of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate groupCarbohydrates - polymers are polysaccharides and disaccharides*; monomers are monosaccharides (simple sugars) *Technically, diglycerides, and triglycerides are not true polymers because they form via dehydration synthesis of smaller molecules, not from the end-to-end linkage of monomers that characterizes true polymerization. How Polymers Form Polymerization is the process of covalently bonding the smaller monomers into the polymer. During polymerization, chemical groups are lost from the monomers so that they may join together. In the case of biopolymers of carbohydrates, this is a dehydration reaction in which water is formed. Resources and Further Reading Cowie, J.M.G. and Valeria Arrighi. Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials, 3rd ed. Boca Taton: CRC Press, 2007.  Sperling, Leslie H. Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2006.  Ã‚  Young, Robert J., and Peter A. Lovell. Introduction to Polymers, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group, 2011.

Analysis of the Chinese films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of the Chinese films - Essay Example As pointed out, the protagonist was forced to be the custodian of Kosaburo Hanaya and Dong Hanchen. Before this incident, Ma Dasan’s life was flowing slowly without much problem. But this incident forced Ma Dasan to be in a dilemmatic situation because the person who handed over the prisoners pointed out that he must look after the prisoners with due care. The following events include the futile effort undertaken by Ma Dasan to keep the prisoners safe, hiring of One Stroke Liu to execute the prisoners and failure to do so, Kosaburo Hanaya’s return to his homeland, and the fire in Ma Dasan’s village, Ma Dasan’s attempt to take revenge and his ultimate doom. The most shocking incident in the film is the large scale massacre at the feast. This incident ignited the feeling of revenge in Ma Dasan’s mind. Earlier, Ma Dasan’s role in the village (say, his community or society) was to obey the law and order without showing his hesitation. But this in cident transformed him from a passive individual to an active individual who is ready to give up his life for a noble purpose. A bird’s eye view of the film leads one to misinterpret the same as an anti-Japanese invasion genre film. But deeper understanding leads one to the realization that the director’s attempt is to mock the hypocrisy of the Chinese authorities and the mentality of the Chinese villagers towards the Japanese invaders. For instance, in the film, children are ready to share secrets with the invaders and the villagers feel satisfied by the supply of food grains. Besides, this unveils the passive attitude shown by the people towards the authorities. The fundamental problem of violence in the film faced by the ignorant villagers without a unified authority is two sided. For... The contemporary Chinese cinema is undergoing rapid but positive change. Nowadays, the Chinese film makers show keen interest to inculcate innovative ideas in their films. For instance, the film Devil at the Doorstep by the Chinese actor cum director Jiang Wen is one of the best examples which highlight the foretold change. Jiang Wen’s prior status as an actor did not hinder him from choosing the story line of the film Devil at the Doorstep, which carries violence and mental trauma faced by individuals in a closed society. The film was able to gain the jury prize at Cannes, but that did not help Jiang Wen as a direThe film Devil at the Doorstep by Jiang Wen was accepted by the international viewers but less accepted by the Chinese government. The main problem faced by Jiang Wen was the restriction upon individual freedom of a director with the international outlook. The main reason behind the less acceptance and ban on the film was the realistic and critical attitude of the di rector towards power politics, violence and its effect upon the individuals. The protagonist’s transformation from an inactive stage to activism and as the mouthpiece of the director to communicate with the viewers is the most important development in the film. The narrative feature of the film is conversational and less ambiguous because of the usage of the historical plot. The stylistic features of the film raise the same from its limitations to the international arena of cinematography.

Explain the matching principle as it relates to pre-paid expenses, Essay

Explain the matching principle as it relates to pre-paid expenses, unearned revenue, and operating assets - Essay Example They provide benefit for a long period of time so it will be necessary to apportion those expenses between more than one periods. For example prepaid insurance is paid for a longer period than one year so, only the expired portion of the prepaid insurance is charged in the income statement. Matching principle states that the prepaid expenses should be apportioned in the period to which they belong or in other words expenses should be recognized not when they are paid but when they are used to generate revenue (Stahl, 2004). The remaining balance of the prepaid expenses should appear in the balance sheet until they are recognized in the income statements. Unearned revenues are the revenue of the prepaid expenses. Every entity which prepays an expense before the benefit is actually realized, another entity receives the revenue for which the services have not been rendered these are called unearned revenues or deferred revenue (Jay S. RiJefferson P Jones, 2011). For example the courier services receive the payment in advance and they record it as deferred revenue until the delivery of the courier. The matching principle regarding the unearned income states that the only those revenues should be recognized for which the entity has incurred expenses and the rest should be shown as a liability because the company is not yet untitled to recognize them. Operating assets are expected to benefit the organization in more than one accounting period that is why they are classified under long term/fixed assets in the balance sheet. The most common examples of the operating assets are building, tools, furniture and equipments etc. Matching principle states that the benefit obtained from the operating assets should be realized on some logical basis over the asset’s useful life. The application of the matching principle on operating assets is little more complex than the prepaid assets and unearned revenue because the

University and Research Essay Example for Free

University and Research Essay Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Having spent 40 years in universities, I have had sufficient time to consider some of the idiosyncrasies, foibles and problems of these academic institutions. The purpose of this editorial is to discuss the current state of university research and explain why I find some aspects of the current situation disturbing. Changes that started during the second half of the 20th century and that have continued into the 21st threaten to bring about fundamental changes in the nature of universities. Some of the changes are commendable, for example, the large expansion in the proportion of the population attending universities, at least in the richer nations. Other trends are disturbing, especially the increasing tendency of governments and industry to view universities as engines for short-term economic gain. While universities certainly cannot ignore the context in which they function and the needs of society, responding purely to short-term economic considerations threatens to subvert the very nature of universities and some of the benefits they provide to society. So what exactly is a university and what is its purpose? I much prefer the Oxford English Dictionary definition of the word â€Å"university† to some of the more utilitarian definitions in other dictionaries. The Oxford definition reads, in part, â€Å"whole body of teachers and scholars engaged in the higher branches of learning. † Thus, it is the community of faculty and students that is the essence of a university. The higher branches of learning in which teachers and scholars engage have 2 important products: the educated minds that are essential for the well-being of society, and new knowledge and ideas. Some of that new knowledge will enrich society by producing economic growth, directly or indirectly, but the benefits of new knowledge go far beyond economic gain. Universities have always been subjected to outside influences. The oldest European university, the University of Bologna, has existed at least since the 1080s. Some time before 1222, about 1000 students left Bologna and founded a new university in Padua because of â€Å"the grievous offence that was brought to bear on their academic liberties and the failure to acknowledge the privileges solemnly granted to teachers and students. †1 The outside interference came from the Roman Catholic Church, and, for several centuries, Padua was home to the only university in Europe where non-Catholics could get a university education. Both Bologna and Padua were student-controlled universities with students electing the professors and fixing their salaries. However, in spite of marked differences, there are similarities between what happened then and what is happening today, with important outside influences — then the dogma of religion, now the dogma of business — threatening to change the activities of the community of teachers and scholars. The seeds of what is happening now were sown in the years following World War II. Before the war the most important influence on a faculty member was probably the departmental chair, who in those days had power to influence in an important way what went on in the department. Nonetheless, a faculty member would have had access to departmental resources and would not necessarily have required outside research funding (although such funding was sometimes available from private foundations). The mechanism of funding research, and the amount of money available for research, changed greatly in the postwar years. In 1945, Vannevar Bushs landmark report to President Harry Truman, Science the Endless Frontier,2 had an important influence on university research. In this report, Bush stated, â€Å"The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. † Bush supported the idea that the US government should provide strong financial support for university research, but also supported the idea that the individual investigator should be the main determinant of the topics for investigation, with statements such as â€Å"Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. †2 In the latter half of the last century, many countries adopted the model of granting councils, which used a system based on peer review to distribute money for investigator-initiated research. This model has been a great success, but it has also contributed to important changes in universities. Much more money has been available to support medical research, basic science research and engineering research than has been available for the social sciences or arts. Thus, decisions about support for different disciplines devolved from the universities to governments, who decided on the budgets of their various grant-giving bodies. Also, individual researchers who were successful in obtaining grants no longer depended as much on departmental facilities. In my opinion, this not only weakened the power of departmental chairs but also decreased collegiality within departments. With increased enrolments, as a university education became accessible to a greater proportion of the population, and an increased need for infrastructure for the larger student population and for complex research equipment, administrators became more concerned about sources of funding and consequently more detached from the faculty. There is always a tendency for senior academic administrators to speak and behave as though they were the university (when of course they are there to serve the community of teachers and scholars). This is of course a normal human trait, no different from the tendency of politicians to forget that they are elected to serve the people. However, this increasing detachment of senior university administrators from the faculty has facilitated the erosion of collegiality within departments and universities. The individual personalities of university faculty probably also facilitated this change. I learned recently, when looking at the literature on personality, that an inverse correlation between intelligence and conscientiousness has been demonstrated in a number of studies (see, for example, Moutafi et al3). Thus, it might be more than just my paranoia leading me to believe that the small proportion of university faculty who lack conscientiousness and collegiality is larger than in some other walks of life. The erosion of collegiality is not a matter of great significance, except that it probably played a role in making researchers more open to the efforts of governments to transform them into entrepreneurs. The most recent and possibly the most important change in university research resulted from the push by governments to commercialize the results of such research. In the United States, the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 encouraged universities to license to private industry discoveries made with federal funds. 4 The push by governments for commercialization of new knowledge grew during the 1980s and 1990s and continues to have an important influence on universities. Recently, Lord Sainsbury, the science and innovation minister in the United Kingdom, boasted that there had been a cultural change in universities there, which has resulted in a substantial increase in university spin-offs. 5 In 2002 the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada entered an agreement with the government to double the amount of research performed by these institutions and to triple their commercialization performance by 2010. 6 Although this agreement was reached in the absence of any broad consultation with the faculty who are supposed to commercialize their work, the universities seem to be well on track to achieve this objective, with a 126% increase in revenues from licence royalties between 1999 and 2001. 7Most major universities now have a technology transfer office, and at many universities success in commercialization is taken into account when faculty are considered for tenure. Will there come a time when success in commercialization carries the same weight as (or more weight than) teaching and research in the awarding of tenure? The end result of all the changes discussed above is that individual faculty members have become much more like entrepreneurs whose main allegiance is to the maintenance or growth of their own research programs and not infrequently to the commercialization of their research. The researcher exploring Vannevar Bushs â€Å"endless frontier† could be considered the modern equivalent of the homesteader taming the seemingly endless frontier of the 19th century American West. 8 This is not necessarily detrimental if a new generation of university research entrepreneurs provides the new knowledge that will benefit patients and society. However, the change in culture that made university faculty more like entrepreneurs also made them more open to the desire of governments to make them entrepreneurs in the economic sense. Although the nature of universities has been changing, there was no threat to the fundamental nature of universities until the drive for commercialization began. A recent report of the Canadian Association of University Teachers9 states that university administrators have been â€Å"building increasingly hierarchical management structures† that â€Å"place the future of academic medicine in danger. † The reports main concern is that â€Å"incentives to create commercializable products push economic concerns, rather than scientific and ethical considerations, to the forefront. †9In the fields of biologic psychiatry and behavioural neuroscience the emphasis on  commercial applications has already, to some extent, moved research priorities away from an emphasis on mental well-being to an emphasis on commercial products. There are many examples of this shift. For example, more research is being carried out on antidepressant drugs than on psychotherapy, even though in mild to moderate depression (the majority of cases) drugs and psychotherapy are approximately equal in efficacy. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of exercise10,11 and fish oils12,13 in the treatment and prevention of depression. However, these strategies receive much less attention than antidepressant drugs. Even an established antidepressant treatment such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)14 receives little attention. Searching the abstracts of the 2004 meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, I found 179 with the key word â€Å"antidepressant† and only 4 with the key word â€Å"S-adenosylmethionine,† and none of those 4 was concerned with the antidepressant action of SAMe. SAMe is a major methyl donor and seems to work in a fundamentally different way from any product being investigated by drug companies. Surely we could expect that an antidepressant acting through a different mechanism would be a popular topic of investigation. However, SAMe is a natural product and not of commercial interest. Similarly, insights into what exercise or fish oils do to the brain may provide important insights into the pathophysiology of depression and its treatment, but these subjects receive little attention. Many basic science researchers investigating the mechanisms of antidepressants produced by drug companies do not receive funding from those companies. However, enough are lured by drug company research funds into working on topics of interest to the companies to significantly influence what are fashionable topics of research. Laboratories with funding from industry can often afford more trainees, who may then adopt a more industry-centred approach in their own research. While the availability of funds from industry has certainly influenced research, the pressure on university faculty to commercialize the results of their research will undoubtedly cause even greater distortion in the areas of research that are most popular. Granting agencies have increasingly tried to foster research in neglected areas by allocating funds to specific areas of research and requesting applications in those areas. Although this approach is certainly necessary, it has not done much to alter the effects of drug company money on research output. Also, in some ways it moves research even further away from the ideal in Vannevar Bushs report that â€Å"Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. †2 This model was notably successful in the last half of the 20th century, but it may not survive the pressure to commercialize. While there is still much scope for curiosity-driven research, the curiosity of researchers is likely to be aligned increasingly with the interests of drug companies. As mentioned above, a cultural change has accompanied the increasing commercialization of university research. The pressure to commercialize has been critiqued in some quarters, but many university faculty have nonetheless embraced commercialization, or at least remained unconcerned about it. Are we far from a time when a researcher without a patent that is being commercialized will be regarded in the same way as those who do not publish regularly in the top journals? And how long will it be before governments make commercialization a mandate of granting councils and a requirement for the majority of grants? A fascination with the workings of the brain and how it can malfunction in mental illness is the usual motivator for researchers in neuroscience and psychiatry research. As a result, curiosity-driven research will always tend to serve the best interests of patients. Although research driven by commercial interests will certainly benefit psychiatric patients in some ways, it cannot serve their overall needs, as it is much too narrowly focused. The designation of funds by granting agencies for specific neglected topics will help but is unlikely to produce any large changes in the direction of research. Thus, the biggest losers from the pressure to commercialize will be psychiatric patients. In addition I am concerned whether students who are trained to focus on the short-term commercial implications of their research will be able to maintain the breadth of vision that is a characteristic of the majority of creative researchers. Changes due to pressure from governments to commercialize are not limited to researchers. The increased emphasis on commercialization in universities has in some ways distorted the perceptions of senior university administrators about the purpose of the institutions. For example, there seems to be a lack of concern about some of the sources of funds that universities receive. Universities now hold patents on many life-saving drugs. These patents sometimes limit access to the drugs, particularly in low-income countries. 15 In Canada, one-quarter of the faculties of medicine receive funding from the tobacco industry. 16 Perhaps a suitable future definition of a university will be a â€Å"whole body of teachers and scholars engaged in turning ideas into profit. † In 13th century Italy the response to interference by the Roman Catholic Church in the work of scholars was a move to another location to escape the interference. In the 21st century that option is not available even to the minority who are concerned about the drive to commercialize. However, the picture is not entirely bleak. Charitable foundations will remain immune to commercial interests. In addition, even though charitable foundations will probably remain relatively small players in the funding of research, there are promising signs. For example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, created in 2000, has an endowment of about US$27 billion and is striving to use its money for the benefit of humankind in areas neglected by governments. This foundation is not involved in psychiatric research, but its focus on preventive approaches may help to direct interest to that important area. Research on prevention in psychiatry is still in its infancy and will certainly remain that way if short-term commercial considerations stay paramount. However, charitable foundations cannot be expected to have any large effect on the change in university culture brought about by the drive to commercialize. Although I would like to be able to end this editorial on a more hopeful note, I am concerned about these cultural changes, and I do not see any solution. Still, one lesson from history is that the communities of teachers and scholars making up universities have adapted to many changes over the centuries without changing the fundamental nature of universities, and they will surely continue to do so. I am just not sure how. Go to: - Footnotes Competing interests: None declared. Correspondence to: Dr. Simon N. Young, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave. W, Montreal QC H3A 1A1; fax 514 398-4370; simon. [emailprotected] ca Go to: - References 1. History. Padua (Italy): Universita Degli Studi di Padova. Available:www. unipd. it/en/university/history. htm (accessed 2004 Dec 13). 2. Bush V. Science the endless frontier. A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945. Washington: US Government Printing Office; 1945. Available: www. nsf. gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945. htm (accessed 2004 Dec 13). 3. Moutafi J, Furnham A, Paltiel L. Why is conscientiousness negatively correlated with intelligence? Pers Individ Differ 2004;37:1013-22. 4. Thursby JG, Thursby MC. Intellectual property. University licensing and the Bayh-Dole Act. Science2003;301:1052. [PubMed] 5. Sainsbury L. A cultural change in UK universities [editorial]. Science2002;296:1929. [PubMed] 6. Allan Rock welcomes framework on federally funded university research [press release]. Toronto: Industry Canada; 2002 Nov 19 [modified 2003 Jun 16]. Available:www. ic. gc. ca/cmb/welcomeic. nsf/558d636590992942852564880052155b/85256a220056c2a485256c76004c7d44 (accessed 2004 Dec 13). 7. Berkowitz P. Spinning off research: AUCC sets new tool to measure universities commercialization performance. Univ Aff [serial online] 2004;June/July. Available:www. universityaffairs. ca/issues/2004/junejuly/print/spinningoff. html (accessed 2004 Dec 13). 8. Kennedy D. Enclosing the research commons [editorial]. Science2001;294:2249. [PubMed] 9. Welch P, Cass CE, Guyatt G, Jackson AC, Smith D. Defending medicine: clinical faculty and academic freedom. Report of the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT) Task Force on Academic Freedom for Faculty at University-Affiliated Health Care Institutions. Ottawa: Canadian Association of University Teachers; 2004 Nov. Available:www. caut. ca/en/issues/academicfreedom/DefendingMedicine. pdf (accessed 2004 Dec 21). 10. Salmon P. Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin Psychol Rev2001;21:33-61. [PubMed] 11. Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical guideline 23. London (UK): National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2004 Dec. Available:http://www. nice. org. uk/pdf/CG023NICEguideline. pdf (accessed 2005 Mar 8). 12. Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid.

The Capital Punishment Debate :: Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty

Capital punishment (the death penalty) is the means of punishment, decided by the court, which most convicted murderers, are sentenced to. This sentencing involves the induced death of the convicted criminals by various means. Most of the methods used or previously used for the execution process include: lethal injection, hanging, firing squad, gas chamber, electrocution (DPIC 2006). Murders have taken place all over the world throughout history and still continue to this day. Many argue on what the proper punishment would be for these types of criminals. Some believe that many years or life in prison is the best verdict for these convicts. Others will argue that capital punishment is a more suitable punishment. Although the death penalty has been in effect for many years and still continues to be practiced, the debate of whether or not this type of punishment should be allowed is still active. Certain people will say that it is cruel to resort to this type of punishment while others will say it is very necessary. The system of capital punishment is designed for the protection from the potential threat that the convicted have on society. Dudly Sharp, states that â€Å"by executing murderers you prevent them from murdering again and do, thereby, save innocent life† (19). The only way to prevent a person from committing murder continuously after being convicted is punishing them under the same means. This can only ensure the safety of the community. Capital punishment is even elaborated from a biblical standpoint also. Dr. Dave Miller states in his article, that â€Å"Very early in human history, God decreed that murderers were to forfeit their own lives† (2). Even God believes that murders do not have a right to live. The concern of whether or not capital punishment is a suitable system for punishment for murder convicts is an issue. In her article, Deborah White argues that capital punishment â€Å"†¦violates the right to life†¦It is the ultimate, cruel, inhuman and de grading punishment† (3). White believes that it is cruel to condemn someone to death who has intentionally killed other people. The world is full of murderers. These heinous crime performers, unless brought to justice, will continue their dirty deeds with no incentive to quit. A criminal who commits murder, should not go without being severely punished. Gregory Koukl states that in regards to any crime the convicted â€Å"†¦deserve to be punished, and the punishment should fit the crime† (36).

Love what you do and do what you love Essay

If you love what you do and do what you love; every man would find his life a joyful encounter and thus would agree to what Helen Hayes says, ‘if we rest, we rust’. Everyone has an ‘Eros’, a life-wish as they say, which fuels us to unveil the magnificent canvas of our dreams. If Mr. Ram Chandran, a top notch management adviser, whose daily planner inflects that he has appointment even when he is airborne with the person seated next to him, did even think that he needed rest, he would have to wait for a five good years! As his calendar entries are occupied till then. When asked for his stress and mental strength levels due to his busy schedule all that he advised to the young generation was that if you don’t have time to get bored, you pretty much don’t been need rest ! If we have a planned schedule for today and tomorrow, why should there ever be a need where in our minds say ‘Enough for the day, I am loosing it all, I think i need restâ €™. I wish to see myself teaching at one of the finest universities across the globe, and in order that i achieve what i have visualized, an equal amount of hard work and perseverance is required. If you are an ‘employee’ you take leaves to take ‘rest’, but when you are working for none but yourself you are the ‘employer’ and employees and self- believers believe in one common inner will which says, ‘if it takes madness to reach, where you want , be mad!’ Our mind is considered to be one of the most dynamic substances existing today! To let it rest would be to subject it to the vulnerabilities, which not only will affect our professional lives, but also our inner strengths and abilities! Things have their value, when they are best put to use! Things have been their value, when they are constantly being demanded for! And it holds true even for one body. Then be it for the attainment of luxurious professional lives or satisfying one’s soul, a constant up gradation, an undeniable change, a relentless dynamism is critical  I entirely agree with this statement: â€Å"If you rest, you rust.† In fact, I had seen my friend who had failed to the test by his sluggish. Also, I had been seen two of South Korea Presidents: Mr. Noh and Mr Park. My friend was top 10 student at Korean High School. He and I had competed each other in Academics since I was top 10 as well. He always, however, had surpassed me by two or three place until he indulge himself in indolence. I saw depravity of my friend; he was too confident by himself and did not study as hard as  before he did. He thought he can still be top 10 without study hard. He always played game, met girlfriend, and smoked even during the final period. I felt as if a cloud settled over him. After final, a teacher gave the students their transcript. He failed. I got top 10. Another example, there were two South Korea Presidents who had succeed and failed. Mr. Park, at first, who was the President in 1970 was army in South Korea, and he got power by a military coup. He, at that time, was condemned by nation. However, Mr. Park did so many good things during his period. Especially, his project, known as â€Å"New Region Project†, was praised by all nation. This project had brought up South Korea’s economy. According to â€Å"Jo Sun Il Bo†, which is the famous newspaper in South Korea at that time, South Korea’s GDP, Gross Donation Products, was risen from 7,000 dollars to 9600 dollars. All these things could have happened by his assiduous work. In contrast, Mr. Noh who was President in 2002 to 2007 was took criticism by his indolence. Simply, he did not do anything during his period. He even went to movie theater to watch movie with his wife. The most worst thing is that he said he want to abdicate and be a farmer without any burden although he actually did nothing. For these reasons, the nation confidence degree of Mr. Noh had been falling by 22% in 2007. Once people be indolence, then they do not want to do anything, and this sloth make them to be rust. My friend and Mr. Noh had corrupted by their idleness. If you rest, you must be rust..

Racial Identity Development Essay

I am an Asian and I am from a prominent region of the continent—Hong Kong. When I am abroad, I become a lesser equal of other people especially the citizens of the country where I am visiting. I become deprived of several powers and privileges for a variety of reasons. For the most part, racial differences take a big role in stripping non-citizens of any country of a number of powers and privileges. Others see my race as inferior to their own race which, in effect, puts me in a lower social position. Gender and ethnicity are two other factors which contribute to the inequalities mentioned. I am a male and I personally do not believe in gods. Because of those traits, it is personally difficult on my part to be involved in social groups and enjoy certain privileges that people with strong religious affiliations can enjoy. However, I have observed that there are still influences of male dominance. Since I am a male, I am still able to have an advantage over females in many ways, from physical endurance to the capacity to perform physical work over a longer duration. I think I am in the stage of â€Å"pseudo-independence† because I have experienced racial oppression in many ways, from simple to complex ones. I am still trying to understand the differences that people have, including race, gender and ethnicity. I believe I have been able to progress from the stage of â€Å"reintegration† because I have gone past acknowledging the supremacy of the White race. In the past, I have been slightly intolerant towards people who belong to other races. I viewed my Asian heritage as far more superior than the rest during those days. However, I have come to know that there are generally perceived privileges given to the Euro-American race. I believe that, as of now, I only have the conceptual knowledge about the sociopolitical aspects of different races. In the coming days, I am looking forward to actually experiencing these things and encounter how it feels like to actually fight racial bias, prejudice and discrimination even in my own little ways. The impact of the generally accepted perception of White supremacy and the inferiority of other races on my self is that I am unable to fully become an autonomous individual. Everywhere I go, I am confined to how the White race has perpetuated the idea that to be White is to have better access to various social services and privileges. Whenever I hear the news about Asians being heavily scrutinized in airports out of suspicion of being a terrorist, I cannot help but think about how White people are exempted from that security routine in many places. The status quo where the White race is perceived as the better race indeed have far reaching consequences to myself and to others. Sometimes, I even wish that I belonged to the White race so that I can get rid of the racial prejudices and biases. My current perception towards â€Å"the other† or those people who are not Asians is that they are partly intolerant of my own race. Although not all people profess and practice racial intolerance, I think there are individuals living in the world who either fear or disgust my race. The society has constructed the very idea of White supremacy and, as a result, other races like the Asian race had to endure living in a world where they are the â€Å"lesser† equal. In Hong Kong, there is still that construed image Westerners as people who frequently travel to far places such as ours and spend their resources just to enjoy some of life’s finest luxuries. They see White people as wealthy and, therefore, as individuals who have the power and privilege to relax and indulge in what Hong Kong can offer. Johnson’s concept of stubborn ounces reminds us that we should not take for granted the little efforts that we do (Johnson). No matter how small my efforts can be to push back the causes and effects of racial bias, prejudice and discrimination, they still serve their own little purposes. I think that my goal of at least being free from all thoughts of racial intolerance can be fulfilled with the help of what other people may see as â€Å"stubborn ounces†. I can try every day to get closer to people who are of a different race such as Latin Americans and even Europeans. I can smile at them whenever I walk in front of them or wave a hand at them as simple gesture of kindness. These â€Å"ounces†, when put together, can turn into a huge chunk of effort in giving my own share towards a world free from racial intolerance. Like the monopoly game, our society sometimes rewards those who have the greed for wealth and power. However, the game also contains what Johnson considers as â€Å"paths of least resistance†; these â€Å"paths† are acceptable ways of behaving in the society. Since entering college, I have learned that we should try to reach out to other people who may or may not be of the same race as ours. Instead of avoiding or hating one another, we should strive to respect each other and tolerate our differences as if there were none at all. Because society sometimes rewards the greedy, we should strive to change that social system and replace it with a better one. However, it does not mean that we should take actions that stray away from the rules. Rather, we should take the paths of least resistance and consider every ounce of effort as part of the larger picture. Indeed, it is entirely better if part of the collective ideological pursuit of removing racial intolerance comes from those who are perceived to be perpetuating it such as Whites and Europeans. Since entering college, my understanding of the broad concept of race has widened. Yet I know that it does not end there because the greater challenge lies in real life situations.

Plan Your Remodeling and Home Improvement Projects

Plan Your Remodeling and Home Improvement Projects It all begins with a dream. Cathedral ceilings! Skylights! Room-sized closets! But, the dream may turn into a nightmare, unless you plan ahead. Before you remodel, follow these steps to get your home improvement project on the right start. How to Remodel a House: 1. Draw Your Dream Even before you consult an architect, you can begin sketching out your ideas and imagining your dreams- just get over the reasons not to remodel your home first. If you are adding or expanding a room, think about how the space will be used and how the changes will affect traffic patterns. Also consider how new construction will affect the overall context of your home. An oversized addition may overwhelm your house or crowd a small lot. A simple home design software program can help you visualize your project. Which Home Design Software is Best?Symmetry and Proportion in DesignFree Tools to Help You Choose House Paint Colors 2. Learn From Others One of the best ways to get inspiration and to avoid pitfalls is to follow the experiences of other homeowners. A number of Web sites offer online chronicles of home improvement projects, along with reply forms, message boards, and chat rooms that let you ask questions and get feedback. Ask around about local networking in addition to these: DIY ChatroomReddit has a number of DIY communities, including Home ImprovementThis Old House 3. Think Ahead Although you may dream of having a spacious new addition, the project may not make sense if you plan to sell your house in a few years. A luxury bathroom can price your house beyond the values in your neighborhood. Some projects, such as vinyl siding on a Queen Anne Victorian, will actually decrease the value of your home. Moreover, your own familys needs may be very different in a few years. Will the plans you draw today fit your future? Plan for StorageBuild to Save EnergyChoose the Best Plans 4. Count Your Money Even the best-laid budgets can go bust. Chances are, your remodeling project will cost more than you expect. Before you set your heart on high-end ceramic tile, find out how much you have to spend and make sure you have a cushion against cost overruns. For must-have items that could wipe out your savings account, explore home improvement loans and other financing options. If you own your home, a line of credit is often the best bet. Consider online borrowing from reputable companies that bring together small investors with borrowers. The Better Business Bureau reviews companies, such as the Lending Club. Some people depend on crowdfunding, but you should know your comfort level and understand what youre getting into. How Much Will It Cost?Build on a BudgetBuilding Cost Estimators 5. Choose your team Unless you plan to take on the entire remodeling project by yourself, youll need to hire helpers. Naturally, youll want to make sure that the folks who work for you are qualified, licensed, and properly insured. But, finding the best team for your remodeling project goes beyond a simple reference check. The architect who has won top awards may have a design vision very different from your own. If you have an older house, hire someone who knows the time period when your house was built; putting a finger on historical appropriateness is an undervalued skill. Use these resources to find the professionals you feel comfortable with. Do You Need an Architect?How to Find an Architect 6. Negotiate a Contract Whether you plan a simple carpentry job or a major project requiring the services of an architect and a general contractor, misunderstandings can lead to disaster. Do not begin remodeling without a written contract. Make sure everyone agrees on the work that will be completed and how long it will take. Also be clear on the types of materials that will- and will not- be used. Top 10 Building / Remodeling Contract Issues 7. Get Permissions In most parts of the world, a legal permit is required before you make structural changes to your home. The building permit assures that the remodeling project meets local building codes and safety regulations. If you live in a historic district, the permit also assures that exterior changes to your home are in keeping with neighborhood guidelines. General contractors will usually take care of the paperwork, but small-time workers may not... and the permits become your responsibility. 8. Plan for Problems - Make Ground Rules The larger the remodel job, the greater the chances are for frustrations. There will be equipment breakdowns, supply shortages, miscommunications, and delays. Draw up a few friendly rules for workers- tell them where they may park their trucks and store their equipment overnight. If concrete is involved, know where the leftover will be dumped. And, dont expect contractors to take care of your pets- the family dog and cat may be happier at a relatives summer camp. Also, take care of you and your family. Plan for ways you can indulge yourself when times become especially stressful. Schedule a day at a spa and reserve a night at a romantic bed and breakfast inn. You deserve it! Why Remodel a House? Theres a difference between renovation and remodeling. Renovation is aligned with preservation and restoration- keeping up with repairs and the original intent of an historic house. The word itself means to make new again- re- novus. The root of remodeling is something different. It shows a dissatisfaction with the current model, so you want to do it again, to change something. Too often people get involved in remodeling a house when what they really need to do is remodel themselves or a relationship. So you might want to ask yourself this: Why do you really want to remodel? Many people have good reasons to make a change- life events (does someone now use a walker or wheelchair?), different circumstances (are the parents about to move in?), or preparation for the future (shouldnt we install a home elevator now, before we need it?). Some people just like change, and thats okay, too. The first step in any home remodeling, though, is to take a step back into self-reflection. Know why youre doing something before you make the plan how to do it. You might save yourself a bunch of money- and a relationship. Good luck!

Analysis of Unilever operating in Brazil

Analysis of Unilever operating in Brazil As given in the case study, Unilever in Brazil has a strong 81% market share by means of its three brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. Question at hand is whether or not to market detergents to lower income consumers in North-Eastern Brazil and how to go about it. It was believed by many in the company itself that Unilever should not fight in the lower end of the market where even small local entrepreneurs with a lower cost structure struggled to break even. So is the opinion of Fernando Machado, category manager for detergents who believes that Unilever shouldn’t divert money from their premium brands and invest in a low price brand. But since the lower income segment isn’t tapped by any of the giants of the detergent industry in Brazil it provides ample opportunity to the company for growth in this segment. Also there is a need for good products matching the flagship brand Omo but something which is affordable at the same time to the Northeastern women as clearly seen by the example stated about Maria ConceiÇà £o. TREND IN BRAZIL: As per case study it is known that Northeasterners believe bleach is a must for removal of stains, they prefer scrubbing clothes; addition of bleach for stain removal is an important factor followed by a little use of detergent powder only in order to make the clothes smell good. Thereby we can see that use of detergent is restricted only to giving a favorable smell. For the Northeasterners frequency of clothes washing is more due to more time at hand and lesser number of clothes owned. Also cleanliness is perceived as important despite of their low income survival. Cleaning of clothes for them is also seen as a measure of dedication of the woman of the family. Hence Unilever faces the challenge of changing few of the age old perceptions and yet successfully making a mark in the lower income segment. For this Unilever will have to convert the laundry soap users into an Omo class user. This is a long term strategy but yet a feasible one   [ 1 ]    WHY CHOOSE LOWER INCOME GROUP: Enter lower income group segment before P&G penetrates there Detergent market in this segment will always be a cash cow Need gap analysis shows that there is an existing need for good detergents in this market IMPLICATIONS OF MOVE: SHORT TERM IMPLICATIONS: First mover advantage, shift of investment of money in low price brand from premium brands LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS: Market leader in low income detergent market, without a shift in Omo customers the new brand will be able to attract lower income customers WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? There are various options with Unilever. Namely, Launch a new product in the market targeting the lower income consumer without cannibalizing its own premium brands extensively – Reposition one of its existing brands Have a cheaper version of Omo/Minerva Carry out an extension of one of the existing brands I believe that Unilever in Brazil should carry out PRODUCT LINE EXTENSION. Hereb y they should introduce an additional item in the same product category. Unilever should have an extension of its brand Minerva named Minerva Progress (similar to Omo Progress which removes difficult stains without bleach and laundry soap). Minerva Progress should be positioned between Omo and Minerva

Explain the advanatages and disadvantages to an organization using Essay

Explain the advanatages and disadvantages to an organization using computer based training versus lecture training - Essay Example The communication technology provides a highly innovative approach to training as opposed to the traditional methodology which is fast becoming obsolete. Hence, in the changing environment of business imperatives, the organizations are opting for training their employees and staff in the emerging new skills to meet the challenges of the time. According to a recent study, ‘the task of finding, retaining, developing, and deploying a skilled workforce to meet an organization’s objectives is the number one obstacle to revenue growth’ (Julian, 2001). They have realized the importance of such programs, especially in the light of rapid globalization which has made business more competitive and complex, with regard to transforming socio-economic paradigms and multi-cultural values. According to a study by Sugrue & Kim, ‘more than half of technology based courses in 2003 were delivered online’(Sugrue & Kim, 2004). Another survey reports that ‘the majority of learning executives anticipated increasing use of online platforms to deliver higher education to their employees’ (Trierweller & Rivera, 200 5). To have a cost effective training programs, the organizations need to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of using computer based training versus traditional classroom based lecture training. We would be carrying an in-depth study into the two models of training programs. The process of globalization has changed the dynamics of the business world. Change has become essential for development and organizations tend to adapt to the constantly evolving business environment through appropriate training and learning modules that promote better understanding among the employees for easy changeover. â€Å"Organizations must change because their environments change† (Bateman, 1990). They implement necessary changes in the organization to not only survive but